From The Apache Software Foundation:Apache Tomcat is an open source software implementation of the Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages technologies. Apache Tomcat is developed in an open and participatory environment and released.
Apache Tomcat is intended to be a collaboration of the best-of-breed developers from around the world. We invite you to participate in this open development project. Apache Tomcat powers numerous large-scale, mission-critical web applications across a diverse range of industries and organizations.
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From The Apache Software Foundation:Apache Tomcat is intended to be a collaboration of the best-of-breed developers from around the world. We invite you to participate in this open development project. Apache Tomcat powers numerous large-scale, mission-critical web applications across a diverse range of industries and organizations.
| Original author(s) | James Duncan Davidson |
|---|---|
| Developer(s) | Apache Software Foundation |
| Initial release | 1999; 20 years ago |
| Stable release | 9.0.26 (September 19, 2019; 12 days ago[1])[±] |
| Preview release | none [±] |
| Repository | Tomcat Repository |
| Written in | Java |
| Type | Servlet container HTTPweb server |
| License | Apache License 2.0 |
| Website | tomcat.apache.org |
Apache Tomcat (also referred to as Tomcat Server) implements several Java EE specifications including Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages (JSP), Java EL, and WebSocket, and provides a 'pure Java' HTTPweb server environment in which Java code can run.
Tomcat is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation, released under the Apache License 2.0 license, and is open-source software.
- 1Components
- 3History
Components[edit]
Tomcat 4.x was released with Catalina (a servlet container), Coyote (an HTTP connector) and Jasper (a JSP engine).
Catalina[edit]
Catalina is Tomcat's servlet container. Catalina implements Sun Microsystems's specifications for servlet and JavaServer Pages (JSP). In Tomcat, a Realm element represents a 'database' of usernames, passwords, and roles (similar to Unix groups) assigned to those users. Different implementations of Realm allow Catalina to be integrated into environments where such authentication information is already being created and maintained, and then use that information to implement Container Managed Security as described in the Servlet Specification.[2]
Coyote[edit]
Latest Version Of Apache Web Server
Coyote is a Connector component for Tomcat that supports the HTTP 1.1 protocol as a web server. This allows Catalina, nominally a Java Servlet or JSP container, to also act as a plain web server that serves local files as HTTP documents.[3] Coyote listens for incoming connections to the server on a specific TCP port and forwards the request to the Tomcat Engine to process the request and send back a response to the requesting client. Another Coyote Connector, Coyote JK, listens similarly but instead forwards its requests to another web server, such as Apache, using the JK protocol.[4] This usually offers better performance.[citation needed]
Jasper[edit]
Jasper is Tomcat's JSP Engine. Jasper parsesJSP files to compile them into Java code as servlets (that can be handled by Catalina). At runtime, Jasper detects changes to JSP files and recompiles them.
As of version 5, Tomcat uses Jasper 2, which is an implementation of the Sun Microsystems's JSP 2.0 specification. From Jasper to Jasper 2, important features were added:
- JSP Tag library pooling - Each tag markup in JSP file is handled by a tag handler class. Tag handler class objects can be pooled and reused in the whole JSP servlet.
- Background JSP compilation - While recompiling modified JSP Java code, the older version is still available for server requests. The older JSP servlet is deleted once the new JSP servlet has finished being recompiled.
- Recompile JSP when included page changes - Pages can be inserted and included into a JSP at runtime. The JSP will not only be recompiled with JSP file changes but also with included page changes.
- JDT Java compiler - Jasper 2 can use the Eclipse JDT (Java Development Tools) Java compiler instead of Ant and
javac.
Three new components were added with the release of Tomcat 7:
Cluster[edit]
This component has been added to manage large applications. It is used for load balancing that can be achieved through many techniques. Clustering support currently requires the JDK version 1.5 or higher.
High availability[edit]
A high-availability feature has been added to facilitate the scheduling of system upgrades (e.g. new releases, change requests) without affecting the live environment. This is done by dispatching live traffic requests to a temporary server on a different port while the main server is upgraded on the main port. It is very useful in handling user requests on high-traffic web applications.[5]
Web application[edit]
It has also added user- as well as system-based web applications enhancement to add support for deployment across the variety of environments. It also tries to manage sessions as well as applications across the network.
Tomcat is building additional components. A number of additional components may be used with Apache Tomcat. These components may be built by users should they need them or they can be downloaded from one of the mirrors.[6]
Features[edit]
Tomcat 7.x implements the Servlet 3.0 and JSP 2.2 specifications.[7] It requires Java version 1.6, although previous versions have run on Java 1.1 through 1.5. Versions 5 through 6 saw improvements in garbage collection, JSP parsing, performance and scalability. Native wrappers, known as 'Tomcat Native', are available for Microsoft Windows and Unix for platform integration.
Tomcat 8.x implements the Servlet 3.1 and JSP 2.3 Specifications.[8] Apache Tomcat 8.5.x is intended to replace 8.0.x and includes new features pulled forward from Tomcat 9.0.x. The minimum Java version and implemented specification versions remain unchanged.[9]
History[edit]
Tomcat started off as a servlet reference implementation by James Duncan Davidson, a software architect at Sun Microsystems. He later helped make the project open source and played a key role in its donation by Sun Microsystems to the Apache Software Foundation.[10] The Apache Ant software build automation tool was developed as a side-effect of the creation of Tomcat as an open source project.
Davidson had initially hoped that the project would become open sourced and, since many open source projects had O'Reilly books associated with them featuring an animal on the cover, he wanted to name the project after an animal. He came up with Tomcat since he reasoned the animal represented something that could fend for itself. Although the tomcat was already in use for another O'Reilly title,[11] his wish to see an animal cover eventually came true when O'Reilly published their Tomcat book with a snow leopard on the cover in 2003.[12]
Releases[edit]
| Series | Declared stable | Description | Latest release | Latest release date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Old version, no longer supported: 2.0 | 1998 | Tomcat started off in November 1998[13] as a servlet reference implementation by James Duncan Davidson, a software architect at Sun Microsystems. | ||
| Old version, no longer supported: 3.0 | 1999 | Initial release. Merger of donated Sun Java Web Server code and ASF and Implements Servlet 2.2, and JSP 1.1 specifications. | 3.3.2 | 2004-03-09 |
| Old version, no longer supported: 4.1 | 2002-09-06[14] | First Apache Tomcat release to support the Servlet 2.3 and JSP 1.2[15] specifications. | 4.1.40 | 2009-06-25 |
| Old version, no longer supported: 5.0 | 2003-12-03 | First Apache Tomcat release to support the Servlet 2.4, JSP 2.0, and EL 1.1[15] specifications. | 5.0.30 | 2004-08-30 |
| Old version, no longer supported: 5.5[16] | 2004-11-10[17] | Designed for J2SE 5.0. Inclusion of Eclipse JDT allows Tomcat to run without a full Java Development Kit being installed. | 5.5.36 | 2012-10-10 |
| Old version, no longer supported: 6.0 | 2007-02-28[18] | First Apache Tomcat release to support the Servlet 2.5, JSP 2.1,[15] and EL 2.1 specifications. | 6.0.53 | 2017-04-07 |
| Older version, yet still supported: 7.0 | 2011-01-14[19] | First Apache Tomcat release to support the Servlet 3.0, JSP 2.2, EL 2.2, and WebSocket[15] specifications. | 7.0.96 | 2019-07-29 |
| Old version, no longer supported: 8.0 | 2014-06-25[20] | First Apache Tomcat release to support the Servlet 3.1, JSP 2.3, and EL 3.0[15] specifications. | 8.0.53 | 2018-07-05 |
| Older version, yet still supported: 8.5 | 2016-06-13 | Adds support for HTTP/2, OpenSSL for JSSE, TLS virtual hosting and JASPIC 1.1. Created from Tomcat 9, following delays to Java EE 8. | 8.5.46 | 2019-09-19 |
| Current stable version:9.0 | 2018-01-18 | First Apache Tomcat release to support the Servlet 4.0[15] specifications. | 9.0.26 | 2019-09-19 |
Old version Latest version Future release | ||||
Communities[edit]
Apache software is built as part of a community process that involves both user and developer mailing lists. The developer list is where discussion on building and testing the next release takes place, while the user list is where users can discuss their problems with the developers and other users.
Some of the free Apache Tomcat resources and communities include Tomcatexpert.com (a SpringSource sponsored community for developers and operators who are running Apache Tomcat in large-scale production environments) and MuleSoft's Apache Tomcat Resource Center (which has instructional guides on installing, updating, configuring, monitoring, troubleshooting and securing various versions of Tomcat).
Apache TomEE[edit]
Apache TomEE (pronounced 'Tommy') is the Java Enterprise Edition of Apache Tomcat (Tomcat + Java EE = TomEE) that combines several Java enterprise projects including Apache OpenEJB, Apache OpenWebBeans, Apache OpenJPA, Apache MyFaces and others.[21] In October 2011, the project obtained certification by Oracle Corporation as a compatible implementation of the Java EE 6 Web Profile.[22][23]
See also[edit]
- MuleSoft, producer of Tcat, an enterprise Tomcat server
- Apache Geronimo, an application server that can use Tomcat as its web container
- Resin Server Application Server from Caucho Technology
- WildFly, formerly known as JBoss Application Server
- JOnAS, application server that can use Tomcat as its web container
- Apache OpenEJB, can be added to Tomcat to turn it into a JavaEE server
- GlassFish, the reference implementation of Java EE, supporting EJB, JPA, JSF, JMS, Java RMI, JSP, servlets etc.
- Comparison of web servers.
References[edit]
- ^'Apache Tomcat - Welcome!'. Apache Tomcat. The Apache Software Foundation. 2019-09-19. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
- ^'Apache Tomcat Configuration Reference - The Realm Component'. Tomcat.apache.org. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
- ^The Coyote HTTP/1.1 Connector, Apache
- ^'Server Configuration Reference - The Coyote JK Connector'. tomcat.apache.org. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
- ^King, Graham (2004-12-20). 'High availability Tomcat - Connect Tomcat servers to Apache and to each other to keep your site running'. JavaWorld. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
- ^Remy Maucherat (2013-10-18). 'Apache Tomcat 7 (7.0.47) - Additional Components'. Tomcat.apache.org. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
- ^'Apache Tomcat Versions'. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^'Apache Tomcat® - Apache Tomcat 8 Software Downloads'. tomcat.apache.org. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
- ^McClanahan, Craig R. 'Apache Tomcat 8 (8.5.33) - Documentation Index'. tomcat.apache.org. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
- ^Davidson, James Duncan (November 14, 2014). 'What was the history of Tomcat inside Sun before it was open-sourced?'. Quora. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
- ^Sinan Si Alhir (1998), UML in a Nutshell, O'Reilly Books, p. 296, ISBN978-1-56592-448-2
- ^Brittain, Jason; Darwin, Ian F., Tomcat: The Definitive Guide (1st ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 320, ISBN978-0596003180, retrieved 2018-03-01
- ^'The Origin Story of Tomcat'. TechNotif. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^'[ANNOUNCEMENT] Tomcat 4.1.10 Stable'. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
- ^ abcdefSaegesser, Marc A. 'Apache Tomcat® - Which Version Do I Want?'. tomcat.apache.org. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
- ^Apache Tomcat Project. 'Apache Tomcat'. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
- ^'The Jakarta Site - News and Status'. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
- ^'[ANN] Apache Tomcat 6.0.10 released'. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
- ^Apache Tomcat Project. 'Apache Tomcat'. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
- ^Apache Tomcat Project. 'Apache Tomcat'. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
- ^'Apache TomEE'. Apache OpenEJB.
- ^'The Apache Software Foundation Announces Apache TomEE Certified as Java EE 6 Web Profile Compatible'. MarketWatch. 4 Oct 2011.
- ^'Apache TomEE Web stack gains approval'. InfoWorld. 7 Oct 2011.
Bibliography[edit]
- Brittain, Jason; Darwin, Ian F., Tomcat: The Definitive Guide (1st ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 320, ISBN978-0596003180, retrieved 2018-03-01
- Brittain, Jason; Darwin, Ian F., Tomcat: The Definitive Guide (2nd ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 496, ISBN978-0596101060, retrieved 2018-03-01
- Chopra, Vivek; Li, Sing; Genender, Jeff (August 13, 2007), Professional Apache Tomcat 6 (1st ed.), Wrox, p. 629, ISBN978-0-471-75361-2, retrieved 2009-10-08
- Moodie, Matthew; Mittal (Ed.), Kunal (March 22, 2007), Pro Apache Tomcat 6 (1st ed.), Apress, p. 325, ISBN978-1-59059-785-9, retrieved 2009-10-08CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apache Tomcat. |
- Official website
